Serbian search for independence
Nationalism
2) Outline the specific events in 1914 that led to a World War.
The Serbians wanted to be recognized as an independent nation
Franz Ferdinand assassinated
Many people with alliances lashed out at the Serbians
Serbians lashed back
And the fighting began
3) What advancements in technology help create massive causalities?
Poison Gas
Machine Guns
Armored Tanks
Airplanes
German U-Boat
4) How did the forming of alliances increase the likelihood of war?
Each side posed as a bigger threat with the more allies it gained. The more threatened each side felt, the more they felt the need to protect themselves.
5) List the Allies and the Central Powers during the war.
Allies:
Great Britain
Ireland
France
Portugal
Italy
Montenegro
Albania
Greece
Romania
Russia (for awhile)
Cyprus
United States
Japan
Central:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire (Turks)
Neutral:
Iceland
Spain
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
Belgium (until it declared war on Germany in 1839)
Switzerland
Persia
6) Explain how World War in Europe brought an economic boom for the United States.
They were suppling the US troops and other Allies with food, war-related goods, weapons and such things.
7) Briefly discuss the importance of the following battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli, Argonne
Forest.
Marne:
September 5-12, 1914
Marne River few miles east of Paris
Saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French morale
Made is clear that neither side was going to win the war easily or quickly
Verdun:
February-December 1916 (on and off)
Northeastern France
Trench warfare
Germans made small gains but lost after the French counterattacked
One of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war
More than 750,000 French & German soldiers died
Somme:
July 1916
Northern France
High number of casualties
Allies only gain 7 miles in the offensive
Gallipoli:
April 25, 1916 - January 9, 1916
French and British wanted to capture Istanbul and secure a sea route to Russia
They failed
Heavy Casualties on both sides - Allies = 220,000 Central = 251,000
First major battle undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (considered the birth of national consciousness of the these countries)
The Turkish struggle eventually led to the Turkish War of Independence and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey 8 years later under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Argonne Forest:
September-November 1918
West of Verdun
More than a million Americans join Allies
Raged for nearly seven weeks
Soldiers struggled through heavily forested ground, rain, mud, barbed wire, and withering fire from German machine guns
Many Casualties
Allies finally pushed back the Germans and broke through enemy lines
Allies invaded Germany
8) Who was the U.S. General in Command during the war?
General John J. Pershing
9) Write three questions of your own based on information that you found interesting in these sections.
What really caused the US to enter the war?
Would Germany have been as successful if they hadn't invaded Belgium?
How did the the American public react to President Wilson's wife took a leading political role?
PG 692
5) Why did European nations form alliances?
To increase trade, influence, troops and power.
6) Why did the Zimmerman telegram push the US toward war?
The German's had tried to bride the Mexican's into fighting for them. German's told the Mexican's that if the fought for them then they would get their land back that was lost to the American's in the Mexican-Americna War
7) What was the Sussex Pledge?
Germany pledged to not target passenger ships, not attack merchant ships unless war supplies were onboard, and to not sink the chips until all passengers and crew had be saved.
8) Who won the presidency in the election on 1916?
Woodrow Wilson
9) How did Russia's withdrawal affect WWI?
The Allies needed more troops
In 1918 Vladimir Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany which surrendered Poland, the Ukraine and other territory to the Germans.
Allowed Germans to moved thousands of troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front in France
10) In what ways did the war help improve conditions for American workers?
The government needed them to produce the goods for the war so they needed the workers to do the jobs so more jobs were made available and they were also able to form Unions.
11) Who were the leaders at the Paris Peace Conference?
President Woodrow Wilson of the US
Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain
Premier Georges Clemenceau of France
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
12) What was Henry Cabot Lodge's greatest concern about the League of Nations?
That if the US joined to League of Nations that American troops and ships may be called to any part of the world by a nation other than the US.
13) What advantages did airplanes provide in the war?
Spying
Dogfights
14) How did President Wilson use Russia's revolution in March of 1917 to gain support for the war?
Many American's thought that Russia's new government would help the Allies. Wilson could then claim that the Allies were fighting a war of democracy against autocracy.
15) What four nations dominated the Paris Peace Conference?
US
Great Britain
France
Italy
16) Explain the causes of the labor shortage in the United States during the war.
It provided new job opportunities for women and minorities. Many woman joined the workforce for the first time and were hired for jobs previously held by men.
It also brought thousands of African AMericans to Northern cities.
Thousands of Mexican's also migrated to the US
17) Prepare an outline of Section 5 of the text.
·
AFTER THE WAR
o Europe
was destroyed
o Nearly
9 million worldwide soldier deaths
o Millions
of people were homeless and hungry
o Wilson’s Fourteen Points
§
Several points concerned the adjustment of
boundaries in Europe and the creation of new nations
§
Wilson believed in national ‘self-determination’
§
A number of Wilson’s principles the issue of
international relations
·
Free trade
·
Freedom of seas
·
End to secret treaties or agreements
·
Reductions and limits on arms
·
Peaceful settlement of disputes over colonies
o League of Nations
§
The League’s member nations would help preserve
peace and prevent future wars by pledging to respect and protect one another’s
territory and political independence
·
THE PEACE CONFERENCE
o Four
big leaders of conference
§
President Wilson of US
§
Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great
Britain
§
Premier Georges Clemenceau of France
§
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
o The Allies Disagree
§
Wilson opposed punishing the defeated nations
but European Allies were out for revenge
§
Some Allies wanted Germany:
·
To be broken into smaller countries
·
Make large payments for the damage they caused
§
France, Britain and the US all feared the spread
of communism and sent troops into Russia
o The Treaty of Versailles
§
June 28, 1919
§
Germany had to:
·
Accept FULL responsibility for the war
·
Pay billions of dollars in reparations to the
Allies
·
Disarm completely
·
Give up its overseas colonies and some territory
in Europe
§
Carved up the Austro-Hungarian and Russian
Empires to create new nations or restore old ones.
·
OPPOSITION AT HOME
o Treaty
of Versailles went to US Senate in 1919 for ratification
o Some
Americans thought the treaty was too harsh
o Henry
Cabot Lodge thought that if the US joined to League of Nations that American
troops and ships might be called to any part of the world by a nation other
than the US.
o Wilson
has a stroke in September
§
His wife Edith tried to shield him
from the pressures of responsibility and took a leading role in deciding what
issues were important enough to raise with Woodrow
o The Treaty is Rejected
§
March 1920 the Senate voted on the treaty with
Lodge’s changes
§
The treaty and the League of Nations was
rejected
§
In 1921 the US signed a separate peace treaty
with each of the Central Powers
§
US never joined the League of Nations
