1) What was Columbus looking for?
A trading route to India
2) Why was a passage to India important for European countries to find?
Because it would be a huge boost in the economy and create a respectable amount of wealth.
3) How did the crusades change European and how did it lead to the exploration of the "New World"?
It gave the Europeans a taste of spices from fighting the Muslims. No bland food. Brought on the renaissance. Europe comes in contact with a culture that is more advanced than its self.
4) How did tobacco change the course of America (particularly the Virginia colony)?
Save the Colony. Used as Currency.
5) Discuss the rise of self-government in America (make sure you note the House of Burgesses, the
Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut).
6) How did religion play an essential role in the shaping of the early colonies?
7) Discuss why early colonists came to America (the various reasons - begin to relate these to the American Dream and the American Character).
8) What was the Great Migration?
A bunch of
9) What was the renaissance and how does it fit with the exploration of the Americas?
10) Where the 1st Europeans to the Americas "Explorers" or "Invaders"? Please justify your answer.
11) How did the English distance the relationship between indentured whites and black slaves? Why did they fear a relationship between the two?
12) Please to list the six colonies and why they were formed (and by what settlers).
Virginia - 1607
Massachusetts - 1620
New York - 1626
Maryland - 1633
Rhode Island - 1636
Connecticut - 1636
13) Know the following people: John Rolfe, John Smith, John Winthrop, Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, William Bradford, John Wheelright, Jacques Marquette, Samuel de Champlain, Francis Drake, John Cabot, Henry Hudson, Ferdinand Magellan, Francisco Pizarro, Hernan Cortes, Squanto, Samoset.
14) What is the difference between the Separatists and Puritians?
15) Discuss King Phillips War and how it changed America?
16) When did the 1st Africans come to the English colonies? Where? What was the purpose of importing them (be specific)?
17) According to Zinn why were Africans easier to force into labor than Native Americans or poor white immigrants?
18) Why were each of the 13 colonies established?
19) How did religious freedom, slavery, and self-government shape the first 13 colonies (be exact - this should be an paragraph for each).
20) How did the Massacre at Mystic change America?
21) What was King Philips War? Why did it start and what was the outcome of it?
22) What was Nat Bacon's rebellion really about?
23) Why did Philadelphia become an important city?
PART II: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
* What are the reasons the war starts and spreads to become a world war?
*What are the reasons the French lost?
*How does the British turn the tide of the War?
* What are the results of the war?
Proclamation of 1763
~ King George III declared that the colonists couldn't move west of the Appalachian Mountains
* How did the war begin?
*What was George Washington's role in the war and how did it prepare him for the Revolution?
* Why were the following people important:
Edward Braddock ~ Commander in chief of the British forces in America;
Half-King
Marquis de Montcalm ~ Main French General in North America; Very successful in the beginning of the war (Especially in Carillon; At the Massacre of Fort William Henry); is defeated at the Battle of Quebec (He decided to take to the field instead of staying in the Fort);
James Wolfe ~ British General that wins the Battle of Quebec; But dies during the battle; Becomes Hero of the war
General Forbes ~ British General; Captures what becomes Fort Pitt/Fort Duquesne - builds roads through the wilderness, setting up Forts along the way, he makes an agreement with the Natives to put down their arms, French see him coming and they burn the fort and run;
William Pitt ~ Pittsburg was names after; he gave the colonists what they wanted and in return they decided to fight for the British; But when he does this he borrows a lot of money with no thoughts of how to pay it back (which eventually leads to the Revolutionary War)
* Discuss the Native Indians role and importance in the war. What battles did they fight in? How did they change the power structure? What agenda did they have?
Battles ~
Power Structure ~ In the Beginning they are sided with the French and the French are wining the war, when they switched to the British side, the British started wining
Agenda ~ They sided with the British because they posed less of a threat, the Natives thought that if they sided with the British because they hoped to keep most of their land
* The French and Indian war begin over what area of land?
Forks of the Ohio
* Why did the Native Americans take captives? Was this an effective practice?
~ To Strike fear in the hearts of the British
~ To replace their men
PART III: The Revolution
(1775-17831)
1) According to Paul Johnson what was the most deciding factor in the colonists victory over the British?
British Historian ~ Wrote the History of the American History
Thought that the Americans had better leaders than the British
2) How did the colonists win the media war, the ideological battle and the emotional battle?
3) What important things did Patrick Henry do?
"Give me liberty, or give me death!"
Convinced the Virginia Convention to go to war
Against the Constitution because it didn't have any individual rights
BIG part of getting the Bill of Rights adopted
4) How was Thomas Jefferson a “mass of contradictions”.
5) What was Thomas Jefferson’s most important quality (according to Johnson).
His ability to write well
Arguably the best writer of our fore fathers
6) What did Common Sense do? Who wrote it.
Thomas Pain wrote Common Sense to persuade the American people to declare Independence against Britain.
(Also write the Crises later)
7) What was the 1st constitution? What powers did it give the government?
Articles of Confederation
Congress could raise an army but couldn't tax
Could make laws but couldn't enforce them
8) What was the paradox of the war (at least from Britain's point of view)?
If they win, the acquire a bunch of angry colonies. If they lose they just lose a little pride.
Ironically at they end of the war, a strong trading system is set up between the British and the Colonies.
9) What was Washington's main strength as a commander? Why did he win the war?
He understood that as a commander he didn't need to win a lot of battles, he just needed to keep his army alive. He needed to put up a defense as long as the British had the will to fight/the
10) What were the four points of the Peace of Paris - as laid out by John Adams?
~America to be recognized as an independent nation
~Set boundaries for 13 colonies
~Canada would remain under British control
~Fishing off the coast of New Foundland
12) Who were the big losers of the war (name three)? List what they lost and explain why they are the biggest losers.
French ~ Didn't get anything out of the treaty; only acquired a lot of debt
Natives ~ They side with Britain but after the war is over, the British leave the Natives
Loyalists ~ Most of them had to move; if they did stay, they had to keep their mouths shut;
13) What happened to the Loyalists in America after the war.
Most of them had to move; if they did stay, they had to keep their mouths shut;
14) What were the most important battles of the war. Why do you think they are the most important? (Note battles is plural).
Yorktown ~ Last major battle; British (Cornwallis) surrender to a large French/American (Washington) force; never would have been possible without the help of the French navy
Saratoga ~ Major British surrender (Johnny Burgoyne surrendered to Hartio Gates); Brings French onto the American side
Cowpens ~ Daniel Morgan had a lot of militia forces; British fire on Militia force, the Militia run away but reappear on the other side, the Continental forces come forward,
15) List at least five reasons why the Americans won.
~Washington was their commander
~They were on their home land
~They had reasons that awakened their want for independence
~They had the French on their side
~British had to send supplies/troops over seas
16) List the importance of the following people in the cause of the Revolution.
A) Thomas Paine
~ Wrote Common Sense which persuaded the American people
B) Thomas Jefferson
~Wrote Declaration of Independence
C) John Adams
~ The smart Adams
~Main speaker on the floor of the Continental Congress
~ Appoints Jefferson as the writer
~Ambassador to the French with Franklin, though the French hated Adams and loved Franklin
D) Samuel Adams
~ Failed Brewer
~ He was the activist
~ Formed the Sons of Liberty
~ Boston Tea Party
E) John Hancock
~ Wealthy
~Signed the Declaration of Independence
~ Financed the war
~ Probably the richest man in New England
~ Not the brightest compared to Adams, Jefferson and Franklin
F) George Washington
G) James Otis
~ Crazy Lawyer
~ Wasn't really in the war because he was emitted to a Mental Institution
~"No taxation without representation"
H) Benjamin Franklin
~ Embodies the American Dream
~ Came from nothing
~ Ambassador to the French, French LOVED him
I) Benedict Arnold (think beyond his treason)
~ Originally Washington's right hand man
~ Saratoga is one of his big victories
~Traitor! 1780
~Isn't recognized by Congress so he switches sides
~(Wife had ties to the British side....She was British)
J) Patrick Henry
"Give me liberty, or give me death!"
Convinced the Virginia Convention to go to war
Against the Constitution because it didn't have any individual rights
BIG part of getting the Bill of Rights adopted
K) Alexander Hamilton
~ Embodies the American Dream
~ Helped write the Federalist Papers
~ Advocate for a strong central government
~ Created the Bank of America
~ In charge of the Treasury
~ Helped get the office of President started
~ BIG promoter of the Constitution
~ Trusted by Washington because he was one of his aids during the war
~ Gets the States out of debt in the early 1790's
17) Who was Molly Pitcher?
She was a woman who fought in the Revolutionary War. She brought pitchers of water to her husband and the soldiers and after he was shot she supposedly picked up his rifle and fought for him.
18) Why did the British strategy for the war make little sense?
19) How did the British fail to win the war in 1776? Who was the General in charge?
20) "America was already developing the notion that all were entitled to the best if they worked hard enough, that aiming high was not only morally acceptable but admirable." Discuss the importance of this statement.
21) Who were the two most important people involved with the push towards a new constitution?
22) Give examples of how the Articles of Confederation failed.
The had the right to raise an army but couldn't tax. They could also make laws but couldn't enforce them.
23) In your option why would some people prefer State rights over a strong Central government. What are the arguments for both sides?
24) What is a nomiocracy? How do you feel about this term connected with the U.S. government?
25) What were the three compromises on the Constitution? Which one of these seems the strangest to you?
26) What is the irony about the President vs. a King as example by Johnson?
27) Know the importance of Valley Forge. What happened there? What the troops had to overcome? Compare this with the British winter quarters.
28) What help did France, Spain, and the Netherlands offer the colonies?
29) What is important about Judith Sargeant Murray and Abigail Adams?
30) Discuss the war in the west.
31) Discuss the war in the south.
32) What is the importance of the following people:
A) George Rogers Clark.
B) John Paul Jones.
C) Nathanael Greene.
D) Comte de Rochambeau.
E) Admiral Francois de Grasse.
33) What is important about Washington's farewell address?
34) Why did the natives give support to the British?
35) Why did the British think their military forces were superior to those of the Americans?
36) Why was fighting on their own land an advantage for the Americans?
Because the British had to send troops and supplies over seas and it took forever.
PART IV: The Constitution, Jefferson, War of 1812, Jackson
1) Discuss the significance of Thomas Jefferson's quote: "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...God forbid that we should ever be twenty year without such a rebellion...The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."
~ Without suffering which leads to rebellion/questioning, nothing would get accomplished. Jefferson supported the ideas that if people didn’t rebel, it would sort have meant that the people didn’t care about their
2) Why did Shay's Rebellion happen?
a. There was a conflict of classes
i. Between the working-class farmer, inner-city laborers, servant class, smaller merchants, free blacks AND the bourgeoisies, landed, slaveholding gentry, international merchants
b. Massachusetts passed a state constitution in 1780
i. Poor and middle class peoples were banned from voting g and holding office
c. As economy worsened, farms were taken to pay off debts
3) The constitution is "a political creation, hammered together in a series of artfully negotiated compromises. Discuss these compromises.
a. Congress would have two parts: House of Representatives and Senate.
b. Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person towards the voting. Though they couldn’t actually vote.
c. The position of President and Executive Branch
4) What was the Virginia Plan?
~ New government in America, two Legislators; Judicial and Executive branches were chosen by Legislators
5) "No person held in service" was a euphemism for what?
~No slaves!
6) List the basic Powers and Checks of the three branches of the government.
a. Executive
i. Chooses Judicial
ii. Can veto laws
b. Legislative
i. Can override a veto with 2/3 of the votes
ii. Refuse the approve treaties
iii. Can question the Judicial
c. Judicial
i. Can declare what the President does illegal
ii. Can say that what Congress is doing is unconstitutional
7) Who wrote the Federalist Papers and why did they write them?
~John Jay
~Alexander Hamilton
~James Madison
~They wanted to convince the public that a strong central government was a good idea
8) Briefly outline the first ten amendments.
a. 1st Amendment
i. Separation of church and state
ii. Freedom to worship
iii. Freedom of speech and press
iv. Right to assemble and petition for charges
b. 2nd Amendment
i. Right to bear arms
c. 3rd Amendment
i. Soldiers can’t be housed in a private home without the consent of the owner
d. 4th Amendment
i. Right to be free from unreasonable seizure and search
e. 5th Amendment
i. Laws about prosecuting including jury rights/duties
f. 6th Amendment
i. Right to a speedy public trial in district where crime was committed
g. 7th Amendment
i. Guarantees trial by jury
h. 8th Amendment
i. Prohibits cruel and unusual punishments
i. 9th Amendment
i. Defines the rule of the construction of the Constitution
j. 10 Amendment
i. Guarantees any powers not specifically delegated to federal governments or to the states rests with the people and states
1. Depending on the situation
9) Who could vote in the first election (what parts of the population)?
~Mainly white land owning males
~Each state had their own voting laws though
10) How did Washington D.C. come be located on the banks of the Potomac?
Madison and Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's plan to get the country out of debt, but they had to agree to move the capitol to the southern states
11) What did Jay's Treaty do?
It forced the British soldiers to leave America
12) What was the "Whiskey Rebellion" and how was it put down?
~Backwoods farmers on the frontier of Western Pennsylvania protested against the large taxes on whiskey
~Washington went out with 13,000ish men and stopped the farmers from rebelling
13) Describe the election of 1800? How was it finally resolved?
~Two Republican/anti-federalist, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, tied in votes
~House of Representatives had to decide who won
~Jefferson assured the Representatives that he would uphold many of the Federalist's ideas, laws, and recommendation.
14) Who was John Marshall?
~Adam's secretary of state
~Supreme Justice Chief
~Was the first to say Congress was being unconstitutional
15) Why did France sell its North America possessions (the Louisiana territory) to the U.S.?
~ They didn’t have a ton of money and Napoleon wanted a piece of the new world. In the end he decided the money was more important
16) What did Lewis and Clark do? Describe their journey?
Jefferson sent them west of the Applications to get into the fur trade, retrieve information on the land, trade with the natives, and feel out political and military uses of the land
17) How did Hamilton incur the wrath of Aaron Burr? Was he right in what he did? How did the ordeal end?
~ Hamilton used his political influence to become Governor of New York which defeated and angered Burr
~ I don’t think that what he did was completely wrong. Anything goes when you want to win.
~ The ordeal ended when Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel; during which Burr shot and fatally wounded Hamilton18) What was Jefferson's Embargo Act? Why was it unpopular and what was it suppose to do?
19) What did Tecumseh try and do?
~ He tried to get all the Indians together to form an alliance. He almost pulled it off.
20) Describe the Battle of Tippecanoe?
21) Most historians call the War of 1812 a draw. Why?
~ The treaty doesn't do anything. It forms boundaries for the Oregon Country and between Canada and the US.
~And Washington D.C. is burned. When your capitol gets burned, you don’t really gain anything.
22) Describe the Battle of New Orleans.
~ January 1815.
~ The British outnumbered the Americans
~ Americans only had 8 casualties compared to Britain’s over 2000 casualties
~ Said to be one of the most lopsided American victories in history
23) What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
1823
~ Declared that the United States would not tolerate intervention in the Americans by European Nations.
~ Becomes a tool in the 20th century: No one but the United States could meddle with internal affairs in the
Western Hemisphere.
24) What was the Missouri Compromise?
~ 1820
~ Missouri was to be a slave state but anything north of Missouri's southern border could not be a slave state.
25) How was the election of 1824 decided? Why was it called a "corrupt bargain"?
~Person who wins the election of 1824 doesn't become President.
~ Jackson didn't have majority of the votes. The voting went to the house.
~Henry Clay of KY decided to support John Quincy Adams as president
= Adams elected Clay to be Secretary of State when he won the votes of the house
- People thought that this avoided the voting which many people disagreed with26) List some of the labels attached to Andrew Jackson.
a. Adulterer
b. Murderer
c. Orphan
d. Horseracing Man
e. Frontiersman
f. War Hero
g. Indian Fighter
h. Native Hater
He wasn’t an Indian Hater. He knew what he wanted and would stop at nothing to get what he wanted.
b. He was called King Long Knife
c. In 1814 he fought in the Creek War
i. He took land away from the Creek Natives by using the Cherokee people against them
d. In 1819 he fought in a small illegal war in Florida
i. Killed many natives and destroyed lots of Spanish forts
1. Which forced the Spanish to sell Florida to America
e. His presidential policy instructed America to remove all Natives form their lands and place them elsewhere.
28) How did Jackson come to symbolize the common people?
a. Jackson is worshiped by the common people because his presidency, opinions and political party were all in line with the wishes of the middle-class people
b. Most important president after Washington & Jefferson
29) Name the 1st seven Presidents of the United States
1) George Washington ~ VP-John Adams
2) John Adams ~ VP-Thomas Jefferson
3) Thomas Jefferson ~ VP-Aaron Burr/George Clinton
4) James Madison ~ VP- George Clinton/Elbridge Gerry
5) James Monroe ~ VP- Daniel D. Tompkins
6) John Quincy Adams ~ VP- John C. Calhoun
7) Andrew Jackson ~ VP-John C. Calhoun/Martin Van Buren
War of 1812
1) Importance of Fort McHenry.
Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner there
2) Burning of D.C. by the British.
3) Battle of Plattsburg
4) Battle of New Orleans
5) Native Defeats: Tecumseh and the Creeks (Battle of Thames and Horseshoe Bend).
Chapter 11 Questions (PAY ATTENTION TO ANDREW JACKSON)
1) Discuss the following during Jackson administration:
a) The changes in voting policies
b) The Spoils System
c) Changes in the electoral college
d) The fight between State Rights and the Central Government (think about the Tariff Debate, the Issue of Nullification, John C. Calhoun and the threat of secession). How do these issues foreshadow the Civil War?
2) Describe the Cherokee removal from their lands. Make sure you include the following:
a) How the Cherokee lived in 1830.
b) The previous treaties made to the Cherokee by the U.S. Government.
c) The Cherokee suing the state government and the ruling in the Supreme Court by John Marshall.
d) Andrew Jackson's reaction to John Marshall.
e) General Winfield Scott's role.
f) The Trail of Tears.
3) Discuss Jackson's fight against the Bank of the United States.
a) What were his arguments against the bank?
b) How does he win against the bank?
Possible Essay Questions for Test:
4) Be able to trace self-government and democracy from Virginia Plantation to the Jacksonian Era. Make sure you include reasons why self-government was important to the early colonies (and the earliest examples of colonists self-government), how the local governments come to have a separation of church and state, control of education, contain ideas of freedom of the press; how the French and Indian War was influence by the colonial self-government and how this begin the Revolution; the ideas found in the Declaration, Bill of Rights, and the fight between the ideas of State rights and a Strong Central Government; and who got to vote and how these voters expanded during Jackson's reign.
5) Be able to trace the idea of the American Dream or the Image of what it means to be an American from the Virginia Plantation, to Plymouth Rock and the North Colonies, to the ideas of expansion, the Revolution, and the ideas of the self-made man. Be sure to include: Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Jackson, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, the ideas of the Revolution, and the Louisiana Purchase.
6) Discuss the role of slavery and its growth from its inception in 1619 through 1830. Make sure you bring up the following: the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, the Constitution, the Compromise of 1820, Jackson's invasion of Florida, the difference between North and South economies.
