Chapter 21

How did corrupt political bosses get voters for their parties?
Did favors for people - turkey dinners and summer boat rides
Provided jobs for immigrants
Helped needy families


Why were journalists important to the reform movement?
They exposed injustices and corruption. They wrote newspaper and magazine articles that brought problems to the attention of the public. They were called muckrakers.


What amendment provided for the direct election of senators?
The 17th Amendment 


What amendment provided for woman suffrage?
The 19th amendment


What is arbitration?
Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider


Why did progressives form their own political party? 
They supported Roosevelt and were angry that Taft received the nomination on the first ballot. They formed their own party so Roosevelt could run for President and fix Taft's mess (or what they thought was a mess).


What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act?
To regulate banking. The act gave the government more control over banking activities


What is discrimination?
"Unequal treatment because of their race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth"


What did Dr. Carlos Montezuma think about Native American reservations?
He thought that Native Americans should leave reservations and make their way in white society.


Why did Mexican Americans organize mutualistas?
They were self-defense associations to raise money for insurance and legal help. 


How did the 17th amendment give people a greater voice in government? 
It provided for the DIRECT election of senators. It gave the people a voice in selecting their representatives. 


Why was the railroad industry subject to money government regulations? 
Their rates were too high so reformers tried to regulate the prices but were shut down by the Supreme Court.


Identify how these laws promote justice and ensure citizens right? 
The 19th Amendment: Woman had the right to vote 
Recall: Enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs
Initiative: Allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election
Referendum: Gave voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted 

When Monopoly Wasn't a Game...

·      Be able to Identify the following people:

o   George Armstrong Custer

§  Vain and headstrong (possibly deranged)

§  Led the attack on Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

§  Led his 250 men into a direct frontal assault on the 2,000-4,000 Indians awaiting his attack.

§  Colonel during Civil War

·      Appomattox Courthouse

o   J. P. Morgan

§  1837-1913

§  Son of a Banker

§  Was one of the Robber Barons

§  By 1900, he owned half of America’s track mileage (railroads)

·      His friends owned most of the rest

§  Helped Andrew Carnegie start U.S. Steel

o   W.E.B. Du Bois

§  African-American Activist

§  Wrote the Souls of Black Folks

§  Became a prominent leader Harlem Renaissance

o   James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok

§  Famous Cowboy

§  Only shot two people while presiding over Abilene

·      One was a policeman

o   Theodore Roosevelt

§  During Spanish-American War Assistant Secretary of the Navy

§  Admired cowboy spirit

§  26^th President

§  Leader of the Rough Riders

§  Republican Party put him in the Vice President candidacy so he would get out of the way

§  McKinley gets shot an Teddy becomes president

§  Teddy Bear named after him because he was warm and cuddly

o   Grover Cleveland

§  Election of 1892 he captured the White House

§  22^nd & 24^th president

·      He was only president to win two terms but not consecutively

o   Eugene Debs

§  1855-1926

§  Communist

§  Began work as a locomotive fireman

§  In the midst of a severe economic depression in 1893, Debs organized the militant American Railway Union

·      Absorbed remnants  of the Knights of Labor and called for a strike in 1894 against the Pullman Car Company (train cars)

o   President Cleveland called troops to suppress the strike

o   Debs was arrested and jailed for contempt of court in Chicago

§  He later joined the Socialist Party and ran for President FIVE times

o   Benjamin Harrison

§  William Harrison's grandson

o   William McKinley

§  President during the Spanish-American War

§  25^th President

§  Assassinated by Leon Czolgosz

§  Begun the era of American Imperialism

·      Expansion of American holdings/lands

§  Tried to go for peace during Span-Am War but the powerful men who wanted it pushed until he had to

§   

o   John D. Rockefeller

§  1839-1937

§  Bookkeeper by training

§  Was hired to investigate the investment promise of oil

·      Told the investors there was “no future” and invested in it himself

§  Bought his first oil refinery in 1862

§  With some partners formed the South Improvement Company

·      So corrupt it was forced out of business

§  Formed Standard Oil of Cleveland in 1870

·      Bought off whole legislatures

·      Made secret deals with railroads to obtain favorable rates

·      Weakened rivals through bribery and sabotage until Rockefeller could buy them out with Standard Oil stock

·      By 1879, Standard controlled anywhere from 90-98 percent of the nation’s refining capacity

·      In 1899, Standard Oil had been transformed into a “holding company” with diversified interests

o   Including the Chase Manhattan Bank

§  Rockefeller’s attorney, Samuel C. T. Dodd (he was looking for ways around State laws governing corporations), invented the “trust”

·      Rockefeller didn’t have to worry about breaking corporate antimonopoly laws

o   Crazy Horse

§   

·      Be able to discuss the Importance of the following:

o   The assassination of William McKinley

§  Killed by Leon Czolgosz

§  In Buffalo, NY in Sep. 1901

§  After McKinley died Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

o   The Robber Barons and what they did

§  Jay Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller

§  They raised their form of thievery to sound business organizations and called them “trusts”

o   The Jungle

§  Considered one of the last books to impact society

§  The meatpacking industry was changed

§  The FDA was created by Theodore Roosevelt to oversee food health

§  Upton Sinclair –author, intended to impact the immigrant conditions, but America was caught up in the Meat industry portion

§   

o   Why the Spanish American War was fought?

§  Officially: To liberate Cuba, a Spanish colony

§  Unofficially: Because of political and economic reasons

·      Land that was good for growing

·       A war caused by powerful men who all wanted something

o   Henry Cabot Lodge

o   Theodore Roosevelt

o   Alfred Mahan

o   William R Hearst

o   Joseph Pulitzer

·      Most of the men wanted to spread the American imperialism that had started

·      Manifest destiny was rampant

§  Josiah Strong wrote an influential book that claimed America was the center of the powerful Aryan race

o   Wounded Knee

§  December 28, 1890

·      350 men, women and children were taken to an encampment at Wounded Knee, South Dakota

§  As the Indians were surrendering their weapons to the soldiers, the gun of a deaf Indian named Black Coyote discharged

·      Whether it was an accident or deliberate has yet to be determined

§  Soldiers immediately opened fire on the unarmed Natives and killed at least 150 (if not as many as 300) Indians

§  This was the Indian’s “last stand”

o   Custer’s Last Stand

§  Summer of 1876

§  Battle of Little Big Horn

§  Custer led 250 men in a direct frontal assault

·      Ignoring the warning from 2,000-4,000 Indians

§  Natives led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull destroyed all but one of Custer’s men

·      They allowed a half-breed scout to escape

§  In the newspapers it sounded like the natives attacked Custer and his men. People demanded total warfare on the Sioux.

o   Jim Crow

§  Jim Crow was wedged into the language as a synonym for Negro. Jim Crow railroad cars came first, and then came the separations of waiting rooms, factory entrances and even windows. The most damaging separation was the separation of educations. Ultimately, Jim Crow meant the ending of black power to vote in the south because of poll taxes.

o   Separate But Equal

§  Homer Plessy was a half white half black man who was arrested because he sat in a train seat that was reserved for white people. The Supreme Court was, unfortunately, in support of the corporation as people under the fourteenth amendment so this case gave a new idea, “separate but equal” meaning that states could legally separate races in public accommodations. Of course they were never equal.

o   How the 14th Amendment was used to protect corporations 

§  The court systems would count them as people instead of state businesses so they would discriminate against blacks.

o   The Panama Canal 

§  Ferdinand de Lesseps started

§  Got the start-up in the press/news from when a ship (the Oregon) took a long time to get from California to Cuba during the Span-Am War

§  The French attempted to build the canal, but disease and jungle prevented that.

·      They literally just left machinery there to rust

§  For America, Roosevelt had to decide whether to build the canal through what was then Columbia or Nicaragua

§  US decided to create a new country on Columbian territory because Columbia was asking too high a price to build the canal

§  W/ US help the Panamanians revolted against the Columbians and Panama was recognized as a new country in no time

§  The US started to build but disease ran rampant and people wouldn’t believe that mosquitoes carried disease until a railroad builder allowed a doctor who knew to vaccinate everyone

§  There were many more blacks from the Caribbean who worked on the canal and they were treated poorly

§  The construction was finished under president Taft

o   Roosevelt and his “big stick” 

§  The famous quote “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

§  Supposed to represent the idea that by actually having security you don’t need to talk about it

§   

·      Other questions:

o   What lands did America get from winning the Spanish-American War?

§  Puerto Rico

§  Manila

§  Wake Island

§  Guam

§  The Philippines

§  Cuba

o   How did this war make America an Imperial Country?

§  This war spawned another war in the Philippines

§  The Philippine War was bloodier and longer than the Spanish-American War

§  America had set her sights on a pacific empire after the annexation of Hawaii

o   How did Theodore Roosevelt rise in politics?

§  Originally the Assistant Secretary of the Navy

§  Then takes commission of a First Volunteer Calvary

§  He comes back a war hero

§  Uses the Heroism status to book a place into politics and the Whitehouse

§  Becomes vice-president

§  Then with the assassination of McKinley becomes president

o   Spain declared war on American on April 24^th, 1898

o   Bull Moose Party

§  Progressive party because Teddy claimed to be as healthy as a bull moose

§  He also liked to kill things (Big hunter)

o   Teddy Roosevelt was the youngest president at 41

o   Spanish-American War Deaths

§  Deaths 5462

§  Casualties 379

§  Diseases

·      Yellow Fever

o   Roosevelt began the construction of the Panama Canal by starting a Revolution in Columbia

Chap. 19 Questions

What improvements in railway transportation were brought about by new technology?

Air Brakes
Refrigerated Cars
Janney Car Couplers
Pullman Sleeping Car
Electromagnetic Brakes


What were four of Thomas Edison's inventions?

Electric Lightbulb
Phonograph
Motion Picture Projector
Telephone Transmitter
Storage Battery

What inventions improved communications in the late 1800s?

Telegraph
Telephone


What manufacturing methods did Henry Ford use to make his new automobile affordable?

The assembly line


What is vertical integration?

Acquiring companies that provided the equipment and services needed

What action did Congress take to control trusts and monopolies in response to pressure from the American people?

Sherman Antitrust Act poop

What is collective bargaining?

Unions represent workers poop in bargaining with management

How did the Haymarket Riot of 1886 affect public opinion about the labor movement?

Many people associated the labor movement with terrorism and disorder

Describe the contributions of African American inventors in the late 1800s.
Lewis Howard Latimer developed an improved filament for the light bulb.
Granville Woods patented the electric incubator, electromagnetic brake, and an automatic circuit breaker.
Elijah McCoy invented a mechanism for oiling machinery
Jan E. Matzeliger developed a shoe-making machine

How did horizontal integration differ from vertical integration?
Horizontal combines competing firms into one corporation.
Vertical acquired companies that provided the needed equipment and services.

Why did the workers think that forming organized labor unions would help them get what they wanted from employers?
Help!
Strength in numbers?

When you have a Union, you have multiple voices.

Describe two ways in which the growing railroad network helped American industry.
Industrial westward expansion (such as the flour mill)
People (such as farmers) moving west (trains made it easier for people to move from rural areas to the cities)


USE THE MAP ON PAGE 577

What forms of transportation moved goods into and out of this region?
Trains
Ships

What industry grew in the timbered regions of Wisconsin and Michigan?
Sawmills

Identify the major iron/steel manufacturing centers shown on the map.
South Bend
Detroit
Cleveland
Youngstown
Buffalo
Pittsburgh


USE MAP ON PAGE 560.

If you traveled from Florida to California, what time zones would you cross?
Eastern
Central
Mountain
Pacific

If it is 6 AM in Maine, what time is it in Hawaii?
1 AM

If it is 3 PM in Texas, what time is it in Alaska?
12 PM